European Springs Web Team, Author at European Springs

As more technological improvements are developed, more of the manufacturing industry is modernising through computer integration. Some aspects of computer integration are already widely implemented, such as the popular CNC machines and wireless databases, but this is only the beginning.

Computerised automation is set to be the bright future for industrial automation. Embracing this automation is an excellent way to optimise the efficiency of your manufacturing processes further, creating a previously unattainable surge in productivity whilst reducing costs.

What is Industrial Automation?

Industrial automation is essentially the computerised systems that exist within manufacturing. This automation can be implemented to replace many of the processes initially conducted by human workers. These would usually consist of the more repetitive or simple mechanical processes that demand a high level of consistent accuracy.

For manufacturing, industrial automation focuses primarily on the systems involved in production. These beneficial processes can be customised to suit your specific manufacturing methods to increase your production capacity and reduce your costs, and usually, both are easily achievable.

Benefits of Automated Operations

Automating your business seems like replacing your human team with machines, but there is a better way to approach this. Automation in manufacturing is not about replacing people; it’s about improving your team’s efficiency by taking specific tasks off them and letting them apply their skills to more complex manufacturing areas.

Upskilling your workforce to handle more advanced manufacturing opens more business opportunities for your company whilst the automated mechanical elements manage the simpler operations.

Different Methods for Automation

As experienced wire form manufacturers, we know that not all automation in manufacturing will be the same, and each unique process will require a certain level of customisation. Fortunately, there are many levels of automation, with varying amounts of investment needed for their integration.

Fixed automation or hard automation will be assigned a set limited number of tasks and will not deviate from them. This system is best used for continuous flow systems or mass production. A prime example of this fixed system is an automated conveyer belt. This automation may seem basic but will provide a long-term increase in efficiency for moving mass amounts of materials from A-B. This tool has a minimal role but can be essential to any repetitive manufacturing process.

Programmable automation is reliant on a set of pre-programmed computer commands. This method is more flexible than the fixed process. The operations of these machines can be adapted to suit new situations or processes by changing the series of commands. Reprogramming this automation, though, will require significant downtime on the device. Whilst this initial programming will take time and expense, the adaptability of this process will provide substantial benefits overall. At European Springs, we embrace the enhanced productivity of automation for many of our wire forms, such as our torsion springs.

Integrated automation is the most invasive method of automation you can invest in for your manufacturing. Computers and control systems will entirely manage this process with minimal human contact. For this level of intense automation, the workforce is primarily upskilled into more management levels where they can dictate the methods that are implemented by the integrated automation.

This level of automation will involve a lot of technically advanced, computer-operated machinery such as automated material handling systems, computer-aided planning, and numerical control machine tools.

Flexible automation is the opposite of fixed automation. Also known as soft automation, this system is widespread in the manufacturing industry as it allows for an adaptable approach to production. This level of automation is commanded from a computer operated by a team member. This more direct involvement will enable tasks to change quickly whilst monitoring their effectiveness. This automation is widespread in low-to-medium production. The combination of increased productivity and adaptability to promptly change your machine’s role for the next job makes it an ideal choice for bespoke manufacturing processes.

Which Automation Suits your Processes?

The more automation is integrated into industrial processes, the more the benefits of adopting automation in manufacturing are revealed. These computer-controlled automation methods increase precision and efficiency, along with an unattainable consistency compared to your standard human workforce.

The best place to start is to decide what the target you want to meet is? For example, this can be something complex or general as increasing your daily production. While this goal may seem vague, it is the first step to helping you monitor and analyse your current customary production methods.

Create a list of the processes involved in your operations, and it will become clear which tasks can be replaced with automation. Additionally, you will be able to identify which jobs still require human oversight. Finally, committing to a delegation plan between your team and computerised automation will create a road map of how you can implement automation into your operations and a list of requirements for automating those operations.

High-Quality Springs and Pressings from European Springs

As experienced compression spring manufacturers, we have decades of experience providing our clients with the highest quality springs and pressings. To maintain our extensive stock catalogue of over 12,000 items, we have embraced the various levels of automation across our operations, leading to significant positive results.

The adaptability of some of these automated processes allows us to offer our premium bespoke service. If you need something unique for your current application, please consider contacting our expert engineers, who can assist with essential specification decisions and provide custom spring or pressings design support.

The manufacturing sector has seen its share of changes over the last few years, but during this time, it has proven itself a resilient industry that can adapt to meet any challenge. Adaptability is essential for not just your business but your workforce; this is where apprenticeships thrive.

Despite the shifting nature of the manufacturing industry, one constant that’s becoming more apparent is that a profitable career in engineering is no longer limited to university graduates. Instead, apprenticeships have become an excellent route for critical thinkers and innovators interested in a career in STEM.

What is an Engineering Apprenticeship?

At European Springs, we host new apprenticeships every year. Engineering apprenticeships are essentially working courses that provide students interested in STEM the chance to gain hands-on knowledge and valuable experience required to become professional engineers. These courses are usually a mix of hands-on work alongside study modules to create the invaluable skill set required.

Different Types of Engineering Apprenticeships

Because of the large variety of roles applicable to a career in manufacturing, there isn’t one apprenticeship that can cover it all. Therefore, finding the right one to support your interest in STEM is a significant first step in your potential career. Here are some examples of the different apprenticeships a student could choose from.

Mechanical Engineering Apprenticeships

The skills acquired through a mechanical engineering apprenticeship are connected to several industries. Skills you can learn through this are welding, hydraulics, pneumatics, CAD design and CNC machining.

Manufacturing gains the most from mechanical engineers, such as transport with train engine repair, power for designing pumps for energy companies and here at European Springs as experienced tension spring manufacturers.

Engineering Environmental Technologies Apprenticeships

This is a relatively new area of engineering apprenticeship. This focus was developed to help combat the rising adverse effects of the industry on the environment. As a successful apprentice, it would be your responsibility to create innovations that make manufacturing, construction and building maintenance sectors more environmentally friendly. With the advances the manufacturing industry is making toward net-zero carbon emissions, the role of these engineers has never been more critical.

Manufacturing Engineering Apprenticeships

Manufacturing engineering apprentices have a choice of pathways. These can cover aerospace, marine, welding, technical support, and fabrication, such as torsion spring manufacturers. Of course, the tasks involved will vary depending on your chosen sector. Still, by selecting a manufacturing engineering apprenticeship, you open the doors to the many areas of STEM.

What to Expect From an Apprenticeship

As we mentioned earlier, hands-on experience is an essential part of any engineering apprenticeship. Observing valuable trade skills in use within a suitable working environment will have the most impact on the apprentice.

This education is done through the apprentice being partnered with an experienced staff member, who will teach skills such as accountability, planning and responsibility for the day-to-day tasks you’ll conduct once qualified.

Studying is an important part when working on an apprenticeship. While some consider the physical contributions the most impactful, maintaining a high level of study with theory is essential too. This may be just a couple of days a week, either at a partnered college or in-house with your fellow apprentices.

Shadowing and supervising work are some of the most effective parts of a manufacturing apprenticeship. By first shadowing your assigned staff member, you can practically learn the different aspects of the role in a more visual way than through study. Your shadowing will then be followed up by taking on those tasks under the supervision of experienced engineers. This is the best time to ask critical questions and build that all-important confidence through getting a taste of a STEM career.

Assessments with a supervisor are to be expected when working on an apprenticeship. Reviews are not a negative judgement of your performance but a vital element of learning the role with the benefit of providing someone who can answer any of your questions. After being regularly assessed for your current skills and job knowledge, you will usually complete coursework and exams as the final step to achieving your apprenticeship.

Benefits of Choosing European Springs Engineering Apprenticeships

As experienced spring manufacturers, we can attest to the benefits of taking on apprentices from an industry standpoint. Every year we take on new apprentices through our established development plans. We firmly believe that this helps give us a competitive edge in maintaining our status as a leading compression spring manufacturer. In addition, when companies take the time to invest in their staff through upskilling or reskilling, they can find that this training will create a far more diverse and effective team than persistent recruitment drives.

For the apprentices themselves, one standout benefit is the ability to learn whilst they earn. In addition, working toward a nationally-recognised qualification while simultaneously making a wage is hard to beat when investing in your future.

Increased Demand for Engineers

The manufacturing sector is currently struggling with a skills gap that creates problems for many manufacturing companies. At European Springs, we prioritise involving apprentices within the industry as we firmly believe that by supporting the next generation of engineers, we help individuals find great careers whilst supporting the industry.

If you are interested in exploring a new career in manufacturing, we recommend learning more about our apprenticeship schemes here. If you have any questions, please fill in the connected enquiry form, and we’ll be happy to answer any of your questions.

Springs are an essential component of a broad range of machinery and equipment across virtually every sector and industry worldwide.

However, having parts break down within your machinery is a significant problem for any business’s productivity. Likewise, having to cease production to conduct repairs or install replacements is something you want to make sure happens as little as possible.

Knowing the life expectancy of your machine’s springs will assist in planning your regular maintenance and preparing for any of these worst-case scenarios, thereby limiting the damage these shutdowns will cause.

Essential Factors That Affect A Springs Life

Many factors dictate a spring’s life expectancy. Not every spring will be equal to every task, and even a high-quality one will struggle to perform at its best if not designed for that task. Furthermore, the life expectancy of your spring will depend heavily on the decisions made during its design phase. It’s therefore vital that you analyse the role you need your spring component to fulfil and make the right decisions when choosing your required specifications.

Stress, environment, and friction will reduce the quality of your springs and shorten a spring’s life expectancy considerably and lead to failure far sooner.

Stress is the term used when you put a spring under more pressure than it was designed to handle. This will make it compress further, causing it to become unstable and likely to break.

The working environment should be considered as it will dictate the treatment your spring needs. If your spring is not treated appropriately, its life expectancy will be shorter than it should be and certainly will not function at its full potential. Temperature, magnetic fields and humidity can all affect a spring treated incorrectly.

Friction against neighbouring components will constantly damage your spring and lead to breaks. Ensuring your parts are isolated during their function will prevent this persistent damage and extend your spring’s life.

The Right Spring For the Right Task

Springs are an essential component in many different machines that perform various tasks. But a spring unsuited to the job will not last long. So beyond the decisions of materials, treatments and loads, the first decision that will dictate a spring’s lifecycle is choosing the right spring type. Here are some examples of springs and their appropriate roles.

For example, Torsion springs are coiled springs that work with a twisting, rotational motion. The typical helical looped design can be found in clothes pegs, mouse traps and car tailgates. However, this spring is designed for a specific role where you require the angular movement of components.

Tension Springs or extension springs are tightly wound coils that usually have a loop or hook on each end to attach to other components. These are popular for counterbalancing garage doors, trampolines and pliers. The function of this spring is to retract when an outside force is finished pulling it apart. This is very different to another spring, the compression spring.

Compression springs are highly versatile but only within their designed roles. The helix shape lets them resist compressive forces, and they can be found in watches, mobile phones and car suspensions, to name a few. They can be manufactured into a selection of different shapes such as conical, hourglass, magazine and torsional, but they all have in common the goal of resisting those compressive forces. If you were to attempt to use a compression spring instead of a tension spring, it would most likely fail quite quickly.

Ways to Extend Your Springs Life

One way to extend a spring’s life is by lowering its stress with a lower final load; you prevent overloading it. You can also choose a larger wire diameter, decreasing the internal pressures or installing an inner damper coil to minimise harmful shock loading.

Keeping your springs cool is a great way to extend their life expectancy. But unfortunately, spring relaxation happens at high temperatures and will reduce your spring’s effectiveness. But this can be prevented by keeping your correctly treated spring in a cold environment.

Shot peening is an excellent way to increase your spring’s life expectancy and keep it functioning ten times longer than other springs. This helps increase the durability of your spring with its beneficial compressive residual stress. It can also prevent corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement and enhance fatigue stress. ’

With all the varied applications springs are essential for, searching for the right one for you can be tiresome. The most efficient way to acquire a spring with the required specifications is to invest in a bespoke service. Our team has years of experience in providing bespoke springs for every application and can manufacture the ideal spring for your needs. Contact us today to discuss your requirements.

Benefits of choosing Bespoke

One of the best ways to avoid many of the previously mentioned issues is to choose a bespoke solution. By selecting this tailored solution, you will have a product specifically designed to suit your application’s needs and increase its life expectancy significantly.

As leading spring manufacturers, we have a lot of experience helping our clients find the specific components required for their current applications. We recommend browsing our extensive stock catalogue that contains over 12,000 items to see if we already have what you need.

Alternatively, we can offer a premium bespoke service to fulfil your needs. We pride ourselves in providing our customers with a bespoke service in both manufacture and design. Our engineering team is on hand to assist with vital decisions required for a custom spring or pressing, such as design support, material and surface treatment.

Our engineers can make sure all the technical specifications are met while considering the working environment your bespoke component will be in. Thanks to our rigorous testing processes, we can monitor the repeatability of manufacturers, such as the design’s tolerances, its life expectancy and the most economical method for the manufacture

If you are unsure about how to proceed when acquiring your bespoke components, feel free to contact us directly with our enquiry form. Alternatively, you can choose either by phone at +44 (0)208 663 1800 During business hours or by email at info.bec@europeansprings.com, and one of our team can answer all your questions.

At European Springs, we believe that by working together with our customers, we can make sure to provide springs and other components that are economical and have the longest longevity possible.

Manufacturing is a highly professional industry that requires its workers to earn particular qualifications, leading to the current skills gap shortage troubling the sector. Recruiting skilled engineers and other production team members is a constant issue to fill all the current vacancies, but there are ways to fix this.

What Is The Manufacturing Skills Gap?

The manufacturing industry plays a prominent role in the UK’s economy. With over 270 thousand businesses in the manufacturing sector across the UK, it’s recognised as one of the most significant contributors to the UK economy.

Any business needs to adapt to thrive and evolve, including STEM industries. By implementing intelligent technologies such as big data, cloud computing and industrial IoT, managers can more accurately optimise their work processes and identify those areas that need improvement.

The skills gap is partially due to the rapid advances in smart technologies and automation that are helping increase the efficiency of the industry. However, whilst investing in these new technologies is a great idea, many people do not have the experience or qualifications to use them.

Unfortunately, there are many working positions unfulfilled across manufacturing and other STEM sectors. These vacancies are known as the skills gap. The manufacturing skills gap is not just a buzzword for low employment numbers; it is, in fact, a complex reality that many spring manufacturers face as there are more open positions than applicants to fill them.

Manufacturers National Contribution

Pressing manufacturers such as ourselves are among the many companies in our sector to account for 9.7% of the total UK economic output in 2021 (gross value added). At the start of 2022, manufacturing output was 0.8% higher than the previous month but 1.6% below the beginning of 2020. All of this was achieved with this sector 7.3% of the jobs positions available in the UK.

Current State of The Industry

The British chamber of commerce, early this year, reported in their quarterly recruitment outlook that there are record highs in recruitment difficulties. In addition, 79% of companies shared that they have problems filling positions. Companies have reported a broad range of issues that have contributed to this, such as the effects of Brexit and the pandemic.

Head of people policy, Jane Gratton, believes that these results highlight the continuing difficulties employers face in accessing the skilled labour they need and that such a loss will impact the country’s economic recovery. For example, as more compression spring manufacturers struggle to fill their skills gap, it will create a knock-on effect on their ability to provide products. This effect will continue adding struggles to an already pressured supply chain battling supply and demand.

Upskilling Your Team

One short term solution to the skills gap problem is to upskill your current workforce. Re-training and developing new skills is an excellent way to grow your existing team and address those areas with gaps. Additionally, focusing on automating easier processes will free up those team members to address the more complex parts of your business.

Another practical method for filling skills gaps with upskilling is implementing personal development plans (or PDPs). These help companies set goals for each employee and encourage their development as they learn the skills required.

By upskilling your team to your new equipment and procedures, companies are building well-rounded, multi-skilled workforces capable of filling those missing positions and increasing their businesses’ overall efficiency.

Investing In Young People

At European Springs, we believe that investing in new engineers supports us and benefits the industry as a whole. In addition, by increasing awareness of the advantages of STEM careers to students through various existing programs and apprenticeship schemes, the talent pool will be increased dramatically.

Continuing to promote our excellent apprenticeships is crucial to us as a company. We offer incredible schemes that follow the mechanical manufacturing apprenticeship framework and award BTEC Level 3 certificates in Engineering operations and maintenance.

Filling The Skills Gap

The way manufacturing companies react to this labour shortage will be an essential factor in deciding the future of the manufacturing industry. In order to prosper, the sector must embrace the initiatives already in place to attract new skilled people to enjoy a profitable career in STEM.

Scholarships, bursaries, and apprenticeships are all fantastic ways of increasing this awareness and are proving to address the skills gap successfully. In addition, male and female postgraduates students can apply for funding opportunities that will help them explore a career in manufacturing or any other sector under STEM.

Brunel University in London offers a mentoring program called Women in Engineering and Computing (or WIBEC) that encourages and supports female graduates and undergraduates to begin a fulfilling career in manufacturing.

The UK is home to many prestigious universities well known for innovation, research and creativity. This has created a reputation for top-ranked UK universities globally and has been providing STEM education in many forms for centuries. In addition, this positive relationship between these institutions and manufacturing companies have created a supportive network for job hunting or apprenticeship applications that makes it much easier for employers to find people to fill their skills gaps.

At European Springs, we manufacture a wide range of springs for many different industries and bespoke pressings and wire forms, so you’re always getting exactly what you need for your project, no matter its specifications.

Our extensive catalogue includes die springs, which are considered a version of compression springs. In this article, we’re looking at what these springs are, how they work and their applications.

What are Die Springs?

First things first, knowing what die springs are can help you decide whether they’re suitable for the application you have in mind.

As part of the compression spring family, these products are made to withstand applied stress. However, unlike other compression springs, die springs are made from rectangular wire and designed to handle considerable pressure. As a result, they can take a higher load (around 30% more) and are resistant to high temperatures, as they continue to function well up to 475^oC.

The use of rectangular wire makes all the difference since it boosts the efficiency of the spring by allowing it to store more energy in a smaller space when compared to traditional springs.

How Do Die Springs Differ from Other Compression Springs?

Die springs might be similar to compression springs, but they are purposefully created to handle a large amount of environmental stress, which is why they’re also known as high force compression springs.

These products are incredibly reliable and can be designed with various strengths, perfect for several different applications. Die springs can come with closed or open ends, depending on the product’s end use, and are also colour-coded according to strength.

This allows you to easily choose the correct spring for your project – we can also help you make a decision, so chat to us on 0208 663 1800 if you have any questions we can answer.

Benefits of Die Springs

We’ve already touched on some of the advantages of using these types of springs, but they provide many other benefits, such as the following:

Excellent performance in high-stress settings
Resistance to high temperatures
Available in several materials, including steel and chromium alloys
Variety of designs and sizes
Cost-efficient
Handle higher loads when compared to other compression springs
Resistant to wear and tear
Have a great degree of flexibility when it comes to their applications
Perfect for heavy-duty environments
Increased fatigue life
Reliable load-bearing surface
Consistency when it comes to dimensional requirements

Where to Find Die Springs?

As we’re die spring manufacturers, we understand these springs are crucial in applications that require a high degree of force in a small space, which is why you can usually find them in industrial settings, such as heavy-duty machinery.

Die springs are also used in:

Vehicles, including brakes and clutches
Aircraft engines
Farm equipment
Drills, such as those found in the oil and gas sector

So, it’s clear that these high force compression springs are typically used in factories, warehouses, the transportation industry, the agricultural industry, and more. This range of uses shows how highly versatile they are!

Quality Die Spring Manufacturing

Everyone at European Springs knows the importance of quality manufacturing when it comes to springs, pressings and wire forms, and this is true of all types of products, such as die springs.

We have many years of experience in custom spring design, which allows us to understand our clients’ needs and requirements, no matter how difficult they are or how demanding their industry or sector is.

Not only do you always receive products designed to last, but you can also be confident that our springs will be delivered to you promptly so that you can take your products to market faster.

How European Springs Can Help

As bespoke pressings and spring manufacturers, we can produce both rectangular and circular wire springs, which are suitable for different applications. When manufacturing a product, we take into account factors like the material of choice, the diameter of the wire and the size of the spring, and also the environment the spring will be used in.

This helps us ensure that you’re getting the right product for your needs. Sometimes, this can mean opting for traditional compression springs instead, as they may be the better option depending on your situation – for example, die springs are not always able to compress as much as their circular counterparts. This means that if you require a spring that can travel a lot, then a compression spring is likely the better option in that case.

Our die springs are perfect for heavy-duty use, as they offer an additional degree of resistance to environmental stresses, so browse our spring catalogue or speak to us if you’re looking for a custom-made product to meet your heavy-duty requirements.

If you’re unsure whether these products are right for you, we can help by advising on the best springs for your project – just get in touch for more information. We also offer a variety of other springs from compression springs and tension springs to torsion springs.

Manufacturing has always had a severe impact on the environment. The processes used in the past led to wasteful practices that were inefficient and also harmful to the environment, but fortunately, this is all changing.

We are in the midst of a profound change in one of the biggest industries worldwide. Across the UK, companies are committing to enforcing new procedures that will reduce carbon emissions, improve sustainability and bring the industry into the UK government’s Net-Zero 2050 plan. This article will discuss how we will reach this goal and become a more sustainable industry.

Waste Hierarchy

The waste hierarchy was introduced in 2011 as part of three different regulation schemes:

When considering their waste management plans, businesses must follow the hierarchy and encourage them to choose the most sustainable solutions. The waste hierarchy graphic shown here is a representation of this idea.

The concept is that every company will attempt to apply the highest step of the hierarchy to their waste scheme. They must only attempt the lower step if it is impossible to do the one above. So, for example, if prevention is not possible due to technical, financial or logistical issues, you try to reuse or recycle. Enforcing the waste hierarchy on your waste program is a national requirement. However, it is also a fantastic way of reducing your company’s carbon footprint.

As spring manufacturers, we regularly reassess our existing waste programs to ensure that we always carry out the highest step on the hierarchy possible.

Benefits of Recycling

There are more benefits to recycling than most people realise. Recycling isn’t just about saving the planet; it can be a way of significantly improving your financial situation as well.

Conserving natural resources gives them a longer lifespan. However, whilst in plenty, the world’s resources are at risk of diminishing. Fundamentally, manufacturing-specific resources such as metal, plastic and glass require more energy to create as raw materials than they do from recycled products. While paper and wood also fall into this category, we can offset this loss by planting more trees to compensate.

Reduced demand for Raw materials is just one advantage of recycling. Most raw materials require a vast industry to acquire and then transport to your manufacturing business, using even more energy and creating more harm to the environment. This process increases the costs and the production time for businesses; recycling can cut these impacts up to half in some cases.

Saving energy is another benefit. For example, the energy requirement for creating new:

Aluminium uses 95% more energy
Steel uses 70% more energy
Paper is 40% more energy

All of these and more can be manufactured at the same high quality for far less cost and energy, thanks to the manufacturing industry embracing the benefits of recycling.

Net-Zero 2050 Plan

The essence of the Net-Zero strategy is to create a balance between the carbon emissions produced and the carbon removed from the atmosphere. This balance makes it Net-Zero, which means we will finally reduce the harm done with increased carbon emissions.

It’s believed that with the success of the UK’s ecological initiative, other countries will follow the recommendation of the Committee on Climate change and enact their Net-Zero initiatives. This worldwide shift to reduced carbon will increase our chances of avoiding the 1.5°C temperature rise by 2100 to 50%.

The Net-Zero plan is called 2050, but considerable changes need to occur by 2030 to ensure we can reach the Net-Zero goal by the required time. The hope is that we not only reduce output but increase carbon removal or offset.

Current status

According to statistics released in 2021, we’ve already reduced our national emissions by 48.8% since 1990. This fantastic achievement is proof that these measures are adequate for the environment and practical for businesses.

At the end of 2021, a new poll run by Subcon revealed that 40% of UK manufacturers were without a sustainability policy. They surveyed 81 subcontract companies to disclose this data, but 95% of these did state that they claim to implement a policy by this summer.

As proficient compression spring manufacturers, we know that manufacturing is a highly energy-intensive industry. Each company must implement a policy to comply with the nation’s goal of reaching Net-Zero by 2050. But, with:

67% reusing or recycling materials
58% reducing their energy consumption
31% reducing their freight miles

Thanks to various government-assisted grants and electrical companies’ carbon offset plans, this initiative’s momentum are gaining speed. As a result, 2022 should see some significant changes across our national industry.

Innovation for a Bright Future

Established in 1948, we at European springs are the leading experts in custom spring design and bespoke pressings for the broadest range of applications. We are dedicated to not only providing our customers with the best springs and pressings, but we are also committed to meeting our ecological goals. We achieve this through reducing carbon and improving our sustainability with new, innovative processes.

If you have any questions about our products including compression springs, tension springs and torsion springs., please don’t hesitate to contact us, and one of our experts will happily answer your questions.

Author: European Springs Web Team